Poisoning in domestic cats in Brazil: toxicants, clinical signs, and therapeutic approaches / [Intoxicação em gatos domésticos no Brasil: toxicantes, sinais clínicos e abordagens terapêuticas]

This study evaluated the most common toxic agents affecting domestic cats, the clinical signs of toxicity, and the therapeutic approaches for recovery. A survey on poisoning in cats was conducted among small animal veterinary practitioners from 2017 to 2018. Of the 748 completed questionnaires, 543 (72.6%) were evaluated. Pesticides and household cleaning supplies were the most common causes of poisoning in cats. The toxicant groups included pesticides and household cleaning supplies (organophosphates), human drugs (acetaminophen), plants/plant derivatives (lily), and veterinary drugs (tramadol). The major clinical signs for these four groups of toxicants were (1) acetaminophen poisoning, which caused oxidative erythrocyte damage; (2) muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic syndrome, which resulted from organophosphate poisoning; (3) acute kidney injury, which resulted from intoxication of lily; and (4) serotonin syndrome, which resulted from tramadol toxicosis. Interventions for treating poisoning in cats were based on the clinical presentation of animals. In the present study, the significant toxins identified to be dangerous for cats were characterized using the obtained data in Brazil as well as the main associated clinical signs and therapy recommended by veterinarians.(AU)

Objetiva-se com este trabalho caracterizar os principais toxicantes para gatos domésticos, bem como os prevalentes sinais clínicos e a terapêutica associada. Uma pesquisa sobre envenenamento em gatos foi realizada entre médicos veterinários no período de 2017 a 2018. Dos 748 questionários preenchidos, 543 (72,6%) foram avaliados. Pesticidas e domissanitários foram os principais causadores de intoxicação em gatos. Entre os grupos tóxicos, destacaram-se, na categoria pesticidas e domissanitários (organofosforados), medicamentos humanos (acetaminofeno), plantas e derivados de planta (lírio) e medicamentos veterinários (tramadol). Os principais sinais clínicos para os quatro grupos de substâncias tóxicas foram: (1) intoxicação por acetaminofeno, que causou dano eritrocitário oxidativo; (2) síndrome colinérgica muscarínica e nicotínica, resultante do envenenamento por organofosforado; (3) lesão renal aguda, causada pela intoxicação por lírio; e (4) síndrome serotoninérgica, resultante da exposição ao tramadol. As intervenções realizadas para o tratamento dos envenenamentos foram justificáveis mediante a apresentação clínica dos animais. Por meio dos dados obtidos, puderam-se caracterizar os principais tóxicos para gatos no Brasil, bem como os principais sinais clínicos associados e a terapêutica preconizada pelos médicos veterinários.(AU)

Determination of acute median lethal concentration and sublethal effects on AChE activity of Gymnotus carapo (Teleostei: Gymnotidae) exposed to trichlorfon / Determinação da concentração letal média e efeitos subletais da atividade AchE de Gymnotus carapo (Teleostei: Gymnotidae) exposto ao triclorfon

Trichlorfon (TRF) is a pesticide widely used in aquaculture to control fish ectoparasites. This pesticide is an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, an essential enzyme for termination of nerve impulses. High rates of TRF use generate risks to the environment and human health. In the environment, pesticides can affect the local fauna and generate an ecological breakdown. There are several studies performed with fish production; however, gaps are created for native fish with other commercial values. The tuvira (Gymnotus carapo) is a fish native to Brazilian fauna and has great commercial importance in sport fishing. The present study aimed to determine the lethal concentration of trichlorfon (Masoten) in Gymnotus carapo and its sublethal effects on the enzyme AChE. In this study, the acute toxicity (the concentrations to kill 50% of the fish LC50) of TRF in tuviras (Gymnotus carapo) and acetylcholinesterase inhibition in liver and muscle tissue of tuviras submitted to sublethal concentrations were evaluated. For the acute assay, concentrations of 0.0, 5.0, 7.5, 15, 22.5, 30, 37.5 and 45 mg L-1 were used for a period of 96 h. After the acute exposure period, a LC50 of 6.38 mg L-1 was determined. In the sublethal assay, concentrations of 0.0, 0.238, 0.438 and 0.638 mg L-1 were used, based on 10% of the LC50, over a period of 14 days. Two collections were performed: one at seven days and the other at the end (day 14). Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase in the liver was only shown (p < 0.05) for the treatment with 0.638 mg L-1 after 14 days of exposure. At seven days, muscle activity showed a significant difference only for the treatments 0.438 and 0.638 mg L-1, compared with the treatment 0.238 mg L-1 and control. At 14 days of exposure, only the treatment 0.638 mg L-1 showed significant differences in relation to the other groups, thus showing that enzyme recovery had occurred. The value found in the acute test allowed the conclusion that TRF presents moderately toxic characteristics to Gymnotus carapo. The toxicity parameter values calculated in the present study assisted in estimation of maximum allowable limits in bodies of water when combined with test data from other non-target organisms.(AU)

O triclorfon (TRC) é um pesticida muito utilizado na aquicultura para o controle de ectoparasitos de peixes. Este pesticida é um inibidor da acetilcolinesterase, uma enzima essencial para a finalização de impulsos nervosos. As altas concentrações utilizadas de TRC geram riscos ao meio ambiente e à saúde humana. No ambiente, os pesticidas podem afetar a fauna local e gerar um colapso ecológico. Existem vários estudos com peixes de produção, no entanto, há lacunas para peixes nativos com outros valores comerciais. A tuvira (Gymnotus carapo) é um peixe nativo da fauna brasileira e possui grande importância comercial na pesca esportiva. O presente trabalho, delineado para determinar a concentração letal de triclorfon (Masoten) em Gymnotus carapo e seus efeitos subletais na enzima AChE, avaliou a toxicidade aguda (concentrações para matar 50% dos peixes CL50) do TRC em tuviras (Gymnotus carapo) e a inibição da acetilcolinesterase no fígado e tecido muscular de tuviras. Para o ensaio agudo, foram utilizadas concentrações de 0,0, 5,0, 7,5, 15, 22,5, 30, 37,5 e 45 mg L-1por um período de 96 horas. Após o período de exposição aguda, foi determinado uma CL50 de 6,38 mg L-1. No ensaio subletal, foram utilizadas concentrações de 0,0, 0,238, 0,438 e 0,638 mg L-1, com base em 10% do CL50, durante um período de catorze dias. Foram realizadas duas colheitas: uma aos sete dias e a outra ao final (décimo quarto dia). A inibição da acetilcolinesterase no fígado foi demonstrada apenas (p <0,05) para o tratamento com 0,638 mg L-1 após catorze dias de exposição. Aos sete dias, a atividade muscular mostrou diferença significativa apenas para os tratamentos 0,438 e 0,638 mg L-1, em comparação com o tratamento 0,238 mg L-1 e controle. Aos catorze dias de exposição, apenas o tratamento 0,638 mg L-1 apresentou diferenças significativas em relação aos demais grupos, demonstrando a recuperação enzimática. O valor encontrado no teste agudo permitiu concluir que o TRC apresenta características moderadamente tóxicas para Gymnotus carapo. Os valores dos parâmetros de toxicidade calculados no presente estudo permitiram o estabelecimento da estimativa dos limites máximos permitidos em corpos d'água quando combinados com dados de testes de outros organismos não-alvo.(AU)

Organophosphorous pesticides: their effects on biosentinel species and humans: control and application in Chile / Pesticidas organofosforados: sus efectos en especies biosentinelas y humanos: control y aplicación en Chile

The environment is negatively affected by the increasing accumulation of both natural and man-made waste and by-products. Organophosphorous pesticides -malathion, diazinon and methamidophos- are used worldwide in pest control. The aim of this report is to review the effects of organophosphates on the male reproductive tract of mice, rats and earthworms, and to evaluate their projection into the human population. Assessing failures in the male reproductive system is an excellent in vivo biomarker to determine the level of toxicity of suspected pollutants. In rodents organophosphates cause decreased testicular weight and sperm density, abnormal tubular plugging and increased teratozoospermia. In earthworms they cause a significant decrease in body weight and alter the spermatheca, with an initial significant increase in immature sperm followed by a significant decrease in sperm count with high frequency of metachromasia. Given the environmental impact of these pesticides -and their potential effects on human health-, international and regional organizations are warning about the correct handling and managing of these substances during work-related and domestic exposures and about their relation to water sources and food, placing a greater emphasis on the school children population due to its higher vulnerability, reduced detoxification capacity, and their endocrine and physiological effects.

El medio ambiente se ve afectado negativamente por la creciente acumulación de desechos y subproductos naturales y artificiales. Los plaguicidas organofosforados malatión, diazinón y metamidofos, son usados en todo el mundo en el control de plagas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue revisar los efectos de los organofosforados en el tracto reproductivo masculino de ratones, ratas y lombrices de tierra, y evaluar su proyección en la población humana. La evaluación de fallas en el sistema reproductor masculino es un excelente biomarcador in vivo para determinar el nivel de toxicidad de los contaminantes químicos. En roedores, los organofosforados causan disminución del peso testicular y de la densidad espermática, obstrucción tubular anormal y aumento de la teratozoospermia. En lombrices de tierra causan una disminución significativa en el peso corporal y alteran la espermateca, con un aumento inicial significativo en espermatozoides inmaduros, seguido de una disminución significativa en el recuento de espermatozoides con alta frecuencia de metacromasia. Dado el impacto medioambiental de estos plaguicidas y sus efectos potenciales en la salud humana, las organizaciones internacionales y regionales advierten sobre el manejo y uso correctos de estas sustancias durante exposiciones laborales y domésticas y sobre su relación con la contaminación de las fuentes de agua y alimentos, colocando énfasis en la población de niños en edad escolar, debido a su mayor vulnerabilidad, reducción de la capacidad de desintoxicación y sus efectos a nivel endocrino y fisiológico.

El organofosforado clorpirifos como disruptor estrogénico y factor de riesgo para el cáncer de mama / The organophosphorus chlorpyrifos as endocrine disruptor and breast cancer factor risk

El clorpirifos (CPF) es un insecticida de amplio espectro que se utiliza en Argentina y en otros países de Latinoamérica. Se emplea para el control de plagas en la producción de frutas, hortalizas, cereales y plantas ornamentales. El principal mecanismo de acción descripto para este insecticida es la inhibición de la acetilcolinesterasa. Sin embargo, reportes más recientes sugieren múltiples efectos del plaguicida independientes de la inhibición de esa enzima. El objetivo de este trabajo es transmitir a la comunidad los resultados de nuestras investigaciones obtenidos utilizando diferentes dosis de CPF en distintos modelos experimentales, tanto in vitro como in vivo. En relación a esto, hemos evidenciado una acción del CPF sobre el sistema redox celular que conduce al incremento de especies reactivas del oxígeno y consecuentemente a la activación de diferentes vías de señalización. Además, hemos determinado que el insecticida CPF puede comportarse como un disruptor endócrino modulando la acción de los estrógenos y alterando la normal estructura del tejido mamario. Nuestros resultados alertan sobre el impacto que este compuesto podría tener sobre la salud, sugiriendo la necesidad de revisar su uso dado que manifiesta acciones a dosis encontradas en el ambiente.

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a broad spectrum insecticide used in Argentina and other Latin American countries. It is commonly used for pest control in the production of fruits, vegetables, cereals and ornamental plants. The main mechanism of action described for this insecticide is the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity. However, more recent reports suggest multiple effects for this pesticide in an independent way from the inhibition of this enzyme. The objective of this work is to convey to the community the results of our investigations obtained using different doses of CPF in various experimental models, both in vitro and in vivo. In this connection, we have shown a CPF action on the cellular redox system which leads to increased reactive oxygen species and the consequent activation of different signaling pathways. In addition, we have determined that the insecticide CPF acts as an endocrine disruptor modulating the action of estrogen and altering the normal structure of breast tissue. Our findings warn about the impact that this compound might have on health, suggesting the need to review its use since adverse actions were found at environmentally relevant doses.

Intoxicação por organofosforados: diagnósticos e intervenções de enfermagem / Intoxicación por organofosforados: diagnósticos e intervenciónes de enfermería / Organophosphate poisoning: nursing diagnoses and interventions

Objetivo: Identificar os principais rótulos diagnósticos de enfermagem e suas respectivas intervenções de enfermagem para o individuo vítima da intoxicação por organofosforados. Método: Trata-se de revisão integrativa, utilizando para tal as bases LILACS/PubMed e publicações impressas relacionadas à temática. Resultados: O levantamento dos sinais/sintomas deste tipo de acidente possibilitou o julgamento clínico e elaboração dos 10 principais rótulos diagnósticos de enfermagem com base na North American Nursing Diagnosis Association-International, determinando o planejamento das intervenções de enfermagem de acordo com a Nursing Interventions Classification. Conclusão: a identificação dos diagnósticos e intervenções de enfermagem permite perceber o paciente como um todo, levando em consideração as diversas complicações biológicas, psicológicas e sociais que podem surgir

Objetive: To identify the major nursing diagnostic labels and their respective nursing interventions for the individual victim of organophosphate poisoning. Method: This is an integrative review, using LILACS/PubMed databases and printed publications related to the theme. Results: The compilation of the signs and symptoms of this type of accident enabled the clinical assessment and the elaboration of the main 10 nursing diagnostic labels based on the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association-International, determining the planning of nursing interventions according to the Nursing Interventions Classification. Conclusion: The identification of nursing diagnoses and interventions allows understanding patients as a whole, taking into account the various biological, psychological and social complications that may arise

Objetivo: Identificar las principales etiquetas diagnósticas de enfermería y sus respectivas intervenciones de enfermería para la víctima de intoxicación por organofosforados. Método: Se trata de una revisión integradora, utilizando las bases de datos LILACS/PubMed y publicaciones impresas relacionadas con el tema. Resultados: la compilación de los signos y síntomas de este tipo de accidente ha permitido la evaluación clínica y la elaboración de las 10 etiquetas diagnósticas principales de enfermería basadas en la North American Nursing Diagnosis AssociationInternational, determinando la planificación de la intervención de enfermería de acuerdo con la Nursing Interventions Classification. Conclusión: La identificación de los diagnósticos e intervenciones de enfermería permite comprender al paciente como un todo, teniendo en cuenta las diversas complicaciones biológicas, psicológicas y sociales que puedan surgir

Afectación de las funciones cognitivas y motoras en niños residentes de zonas rurales de Jujuy y su relación con plaguicidas inhibidores de la colinesterasa: Un estudio piloto / Impairment of cognitive and motor functions in children from rural areas of Jujuy, and its relationship with cholinesterase inhibitor pesticides: A pilot study

El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar el efecto de la exposición a plaguicidas en las funciones cognitivas y motoras de 42 niños de una zona rural con mayor probabilidad de exposición a plaguicidas organofosforados y carbámicos (Yuto, Jujuy). Los resultados de las pruebas realizadas para estudiar el efecto fueron comparados con los resultados obtenidos con 29 niños con menor exposición a plaguicidas (León, Jujuy). A todos los participantes se les realizó historia clínica, evaluación médica, revisión de antecedentes, pruebas neuroconductuales, de motricidad gruesa y equilibrio, y medición de biomarcadores (colinesterasa plasmática y eritrocitaria). Se realizó una historia clínica neurológica estándar con las siguientes pruebas: Subtest de Dígitos y Símbolos, Subtest de Recuerdo de Dígitos, Subtest de Laberinto del WISC-III de Wechsler. En la prueba de Laberintos realizada en el presente estudio se observan diferencias entre las localidades y se comprobó una relación lineal inversa entre los años de residencia y la puntuación de la prueba. Se observó reducción en las actividades de acetilcolinesterasas en los niños pertenecientes a Yuto. No se observó una correlación signifca-tiva entre los niveles de actividad de las enzimas y el rendimiento en la prueba, para ninguna de las dos localidades. Los resultados señalaron la probabilidad de que la exposición crónica a bajas dosis de plaguicidas pudiera estar dañando algunas funciones cognitivas y que esto dependería de la duración de la exposición. Por falta de correlación entre las actividades de las enzimas y los resultados adversos en las pruebas neuroconductuales de motricidad y de equilibrio, no fue evidente una asociación entre ambos.

The aim of this research was to study the effects of these toxics on the cognitive and motor functions of a group of 42 children of a rural town with high percentage of exposure to organophosphate and carbamic pesticide (Yuto) and compare the results with a group of 29 children with low percentage of exposure to pesticides. In both cases a research of the patients history was done, a medical revision and a full checkup including neurobehavioral tests, motor and balance tests and biomarkers levels (plasma pseudocholinesterase and erythrocyte cholinesterase). The behavioral assessment was performed by a standard neurological clinic history, a digital and symbol subtest, a digital memory, a maze test, intelligence test WISC-III of Wechsler and gross motor and balance tests. In the group from Yuto, Pearson correlations were done between the years of residency and the neurobehavioral tests and the linear correlation between the years of residency and the acetylcholinesterase activities. In the maze test results there were differences between the two towns and it was proved an inverse lineal relation between the years of residency and the tests scores. It was also observed a reduction in the acetylcholinesterase activities both erythrocyte and plasma in the children from Yuto. Nevertheless there were not signifcant correlations between the levels of enzyme activities and the performance in the tests for neither of the towns. The results achieved did not point out that chronic exposure to low-dose pesticides can produce cognitive malfunctions, such as psychomotor problems. The lack of correlations between the activities of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme and the negative results of the neurobehavioral motor and balance tests couldn´t be associated.

Toxicidad en peces de herbicidas formulados con glifosato / Toxicity in fishes of herbicides formulated with glyphosate

En nuestro país existe una gran extensión de hectáreas cultivadas con soja transgénica, la misma ha sido modificada genéticamente para soportar la acción de un herbicida denominado glifosato. Debido a la gran cantidad de formulaciones comerciales que incluyen glifosato es de importancia analizar el impacto ambiental producido por éstas. La evaluacion de la toxicidad aguda de dos herbicidas comerciales formulados con glifosato y de una solución del mismo; frente a peces de la especie Poecilia reticulata "lebistes" acusa que una de las soluciones produce mortalidad del 100 % de los especimenes a 100 μl/l (equivalente a 48 mg/l de principio activo); la otra a 50 μl/l (equivalente a 24 mg/l de principio activo) y la solución formulada con glifosato puro no produce mortalidad aún a concentraciones de 400 mg/l. Utilizando dosis sub letales en función de los datos obtenidos en el ensayo de toxicidad aguda se determinó que a largo plazo especimenes de Cyprinus carpio haematopterus "carpa koi", manifestaron severas alteraciones hematológicas principalmente frente a una de las formulaciones evaluadas.

Nowadays, transgenic soya, modified in order to withstand the impact of the herbicide glyphosate, in one of the main crops grown in Argentina. Due to the large number of commercial formulations that include this drug, is important to analyze both, the acute and chronic environmental impact that they cause. Here the acute toxicity of two commercial herbicides glyphosatebased toward the fish Poecilia reticulate "guppy" was evaluated and compared with pure glyphosate solutions. Interestingly, while commercial herbicides formulations induce a 100% of mortality at concentration ranged between 50 and 100 μl/l, the pure glyphosathe does not present mortality even at doses higher than 400 mg/l. When some long term effects toward Cyprinus carpio haematopterus "koi" were determined by using the sub-lethal doses already calculated it was demonstrated that one of the commercial herbicides induces severe haematological alterations.

Recent advances in the treatment of organophosphorous poisonings

Organophosphorous compounds have been employed as pesticides and chemical warfare nerve agents. Toxicity of organophosphorous compounds is a result of excessive cholinergic stimulation through inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase. Clinical manifestations include cholinergic syndromes, central nervous system and cardiovascular disorders. Organophosphorous pesticide poisonings are common in developing worlds including Iran and Sri Lanka. Nerve agents were used during the Iraq-Iran war in 1983-1988 and in a terrorist attack in Japan in 1994-1995. Following decontamination, depending on the severity of intoxication the administration of atropine to counteract muscarinic over-stimulation, and an oxime to reactivate acetyl cholinesterase are indicated. Supportive and intensive care therapy including diazepam to control convulsions and mechanical respiration may be required. Recent investigations have revealed that intravenous infusion of sodium bicarbonate to produce mild to moderate alkalinization is effective. Gacyclidine; an antiglutamatergic compound, was also proved to be beneficial in conjunction with atropine, pralidoxime, and diazepam in nerve agent poisoning. Intravenous magnesium sulfate decreased hospitalization duration and improved outcomes in patients with organophosphorous poisoning. Bio-scavengers including fresh frozen plasma or albumin have recently been suggested as a useful therapy through clearing of free organophosphates. Hemofiltration and antioxidants are also suggested for organophosphorous poisoning. Recombinant bacterial phosphotriesterases and hydrolases that are able to transfer organophosphorous-degrading enzymes are very promising in delayed treatment of organophosphorous poisoning. Recently, encapsulation of drugs or enzymes in nanocarriers has also been proposed. Given the signs and symptoms of organophosphorous poisoning, health professionals should remain updated about the recent advances in treatment of organophosphorous poisoning poisonings

Lethality of suicidal organophosphorous poisoning in Karachi in 2010

The study was aimed to evaluate the cases of suicide using organophosphorous compounds as intoxicant with the objective to bring up possible preventive measures based upon modifiable factors associated with lethality. Cross-sectional analytical Study. This retrospective study was based upon 66 patients of poisoning treated at intensive care unit of Ward No.5, JPMC Karachi during a period of one year from January 2010 to December 2010. Out of total 66 cases of poisoning 38 were of organophosphorous compounds [OPC] poisoning, 20 males and 18 females. Most of the cases [63%] of OPC poisoning were in age range of 20-40 years, 33 [86.84%] were of suicidal poisoning while 5 [13.16%] had accidental poisoning and 57% reported to treatment facility within 6 hours. All the cases of OPC poisoning had severe symptoms with fatal out come. Suicidal ratio was quite high. The period between the ingestion of poison and initiation of treatment plays vital role. In order to reduce fatality rate urgent intervention is required by government by improving the treatment facilities at local level hospitals i.e. primary health care centres and banning of highly toxic organophosphorous compounds. Additional measures which can help include improving the public awareness regarding recognition of toxic symptoms and importance of prompt referral to an appropriate facility

Diagnóstico de intoxicação por organofosforados baseado em quadro clínico / Organophosphate intoxication diagnosis based on clinical present

Os organofosforados são compostos agrotóxicos, de ampla comercialização no Brasil, que inibem a enzima acetilcolinesterase, levando a sintomas muscarínicos e nicotínicos, além de possíveis manifestações do sistema nervoso central (SNC). Na rotina de atendimento em Toxicologia, preconiza-se a identificação do agente para tomada de medidas específicas. Contudo, em casos de intoxicações por organofosforados, a peculiaridade do quadro clínico pode ser suficiente para o diagnóstico correto.Apresentamos revisão bibliográfica e relato de caso como ilustração do quadro clínico e levantamento dos casos atendidos no Ceatox-79 (Centro de Atendimento Toxicológico de Marília/SP) no ano de 2007.No caso atendido foi possível realizar o diagnóstico com base no quadro clínico da paciente, que se iniciou com sinais inespecíficos e evoluiu com a apresentação de sinais nicotínicos, possibilitando a conduta adequada. As intoxicações por agrotóxicos, principalmente por anticolinesterásicos, como os organofosforados, apresentam alta incidência. Apesar disso, ainda é escassa a quantidade de referências bibliográficas sobre o assunto, que também não é enfatizado em níveis acadêmico e profissional.

Avaliação do processamento auditivo temporal em trabalhadores rurais expostos a agrotóxicos organofosforados / Auditory temporal processing assessment in rural workers exposed to organophosphate pesticides

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o processamento auditivo temporal em trabalhadores expostos ocupacionalmente a agrotóxicos organofosforados. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo transversal. Foram avaliados 43 trabalhadores rurais, de ambos os gêneros, expostos ao organofosforado, com limiares audiométricos normais bilateralmente. Os procedimentos realizados incluíram os seguintes itens: questionário sobre a história pessoal e laboral, período de exposição ao organofosforado, meatoscopia, e audiometria tonal liminar. Para avaliação do processamento auditivo temporal foram utilizados os seguintes testes: Teste de Padrão de Frequência, Teste de Padrão de Duração e Gaps-In-Noise. Além do desempenho, estudou-se a diferença entre as orelhas direita e esquerda no Gaps-In-Noise e a faixa de escolaridade em todos os testes. RESULTADOS: O desempenho da maior parte dos trabalhadores nos testes de processamento auditivo temporal foi inferior em relação aos padrões de normalidade. No teste Gaps-In-Noise, não houve diferença entre as orelhas (p=0,33). Em relação à escolaridade, não houve diferença em nenhum dos testes (Gaps-In-Noise: p=0,21 na orelha direita e p=0,053 na orelha esquerda; Teste de Padrão de Frequência: p=0,37; e Teste de Padrão de Duração: p=0,84). CONCLUSÃO: As habilidades auditivas de resolução temporal e ordenação temporal mostram-se comprometidas em indivíduos expostos ao organofosforado, mesmo estes apresentando audição periférica normal.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the auditory temporal processing in workers occupationally exposed to organophosphate pesticides. METHODS: Cross-sectionalstudy in which 43 rural workers of both genders with bilaterally normal auditory thresholds that were occupationally exposed to organophosphates were assessed. The procedures included the following items: questionnaire regarding personal and professional background, period of exposition to organophosphates, otoscopy, pure-tone audiometry. Auditory temporal processing was tested through: the Frequency Pattern Test, the Duration Pattern Test and the Gaps-In-Noise Test. Performance on the tests were analyzed, as well as differences between left and right ears on the Gaps-In-Noise Test, and education level in all tests. RESULTS: Ingreat part of the subjects, auditory temporal processing performance was below normal standards. There was no difference between ears on the Gaps-In-Noise Test (p=0.33). Additionally, no differences were found on any of the tests according to education level (Gaps-In-Noise: p=0.21 on the right ear, and p=0.053 on the left ear; Frequency Pattern Test: p=0.37; Duration Pattern Test: p=0.84). CONCLUSION: Temporal resolution and temporal order abilities were altered in individuals occupationally exposed to organophosphate pesticides, even when they showed normal peripheral auditory thresholds.

A retrospective study of 5 years: organ phosphorous poisoning in Ahmedabad.

Poisons are known to mankind since time immemorial. Of the various substances used for suicide in India, Organ phosphorous compounds form a significant group as observed by much workers. The study was aimed to generate a baseline data on the epidemiological factors contributing to the incidence and mortality due to O.P. Poisoning. So as to highlight the problem this requires planned and concentrated effort in dealing with it on a broader horizon. Since prevention is the only logical approach there is an urgent need to take appropriate steps to prevent loss of lives. The analysis of the data revealed that 65 cases of O.P. poisoning brought to the mortuary of Smt. NHL MMC, Ahmedabad for medico-legal autopsy, during 5 years period i.e. 1995 to 1999.The age group ranged between10 years to 40 years and above, with maximum incidence between 21–30 years and males outnumbering females. The main mode of poisoning was suicidal by ingestion.

Contaminação por agrotóxicos carbamatos e organofosforados emágua para consumo humano de Dourados, MS, 2008 a 2009 / Contamination by pesticides and organophosphates carbamates in drinking water of Dourados, MS, from 2008 to 2009

A água para consumo humano deve atender a padrões de potabilidade enão oferecer riscos à saúde, de acordo com a legislação brasileira vigente.Inserido no padrão de potabilidade para substâncias químicas que representam risco à saúde estão os agrotóxicos e seus valores máximos permitidos. Com objetivo de avaliar o nível de contaminação por agrotóxicoscarbamatos e organofosforados, em águas para consumo humanodistribuídas por SAA ou por SA do município de Dourados, um dosmunicípios de maior área colhida do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (MS,) oLaboratório de Toxicologia do Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública (Lacen-MS) analisou 487 amostras de água coletadas pela Vigilância SanitáriaMunicipal de Dourados-MS. Utilizou-se a metodologia de extração comdiclorometano e dosagem enzimática por método colorimétrico. Osresultados encontrados apresentaram contaminações (acima de 20 por cento de inibição da AchE) em 2,9 por cento das amostras distribuídas por SAA e em 1,2 por cento das amostras de SA. Estes percentuais alcançaram 29,8 por cento e 43,6 por cento, respectivamente, quando considerado o limite de quantificação do método de 2,5 μg.L-1 (5 por cento de inibição). Verificou-se correlação positiva estatisticamente significativa entre percentual de inibição e índice pluviométrico 48h antes da coleta das amostras. Recomenda-se omonitoramento contínuo da qualidade da água consumida pela população local, a fim de fortalecer as ações de Vigilância Sanitária, e garantir o consumo de água que não ofereça risco à saúde da população, corroborando com as ações de Saúde Pública.

The drinking water must meet standards for drinking water and no healthrisks, according to Brazilian legislation. Inserted into drinkable water forchemicals that pose a health risk are the pesticides and their maximumallowed. In order to evaluate the level of contamination by pesticidescarbamates and organophosphates in the drinking water distributed by SAAor SA of Dourados, one of the largest cities of the harvested area of MatoGrosso do Sul (MS) Laboratory Central Toxicology Laboratory of PublicHealth (Lacen-MS) analyzed 487 water samples collected by the MunicipalSanitary Dourados-MS. We used the method of extraction withdichloromethane and enzyme dosage by colorimetric method. The resultsshowed contamination (above 20% inhibition of AChE) in 2.9% of samplesdistributed by SAA and by 1.2% of samples from SA. These percentagesstood at 29.8% and 43.6% respectively, when considering the limit ofquantification of 2.5 μg.L-1 (5% inhibition). There was a statistically significant positive correlation between inhibition percentage and rainfall 48 hours before collection of samples. We recommend continuous monitoring of thequality of water consumed by the local population in order to strengthen theactions of Health Surveillance, and ensure that water consumption does notoffer health risk to the population, agreeing with the actions of Public Health.

Intoxicação por organofosforados em búfalos (Bubalus bubalis) no Rio Grande do Sul / Organophosphate poisoning in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in southern Brazil

Descreve-se um surto de intoxicação por organofosforados (ORFs) em búfalos (Bubalus bubalis) na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Os animais foram submetidos à aplicação de Expertan® pour-on (clorpirifós) na dose de 12mg/kg de peso animal para controle de infestação por piolhos e desenvolveram sinais clínicos de intoxicação em um período variável entre 7-45 dias após a exposição ao produto. Os sinais clínicos caracterizaram-se por anorexia, diarréia, salivação intensa, incoordenação motora, tremores musculares, paresia e paralisia flácida, decúbito lateral e morte. Em conseqüência da intoxicação morreram 61 búfalos de um total de 267 animais sob risco. Foram realizadas três necropsias de búfalos que morreram 24-72 horas após o início dos sinais clínicos. As lesões macroscópicas caracterizaram-se por congestão e hemorragias intestinais, enfisema e edema pulmonares. Não foram observadas alterações microscópicas significativas em nenhum dos animais. Apesar da ausência de alterações histológicas no sistema nervoso central e periférico, os achados epidemiológicos, clínicos, macroscópicos e toxicológicos sugerem o diagnóstico de neurotoxicidade tardia induzida por ORFs.

This paper describes organophosphate (ORF) poisoning in a herd of water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in southern Brazil, which were treated with a single dose of 12mg/kg body weight of Expertan® pour-on (chlorpyriphos) to control ectoparasites. Clinical signs, observed 7-45 days after exposure, were diarrhea, hypersalivation, ataxia, muscular tremors, weakness of pelvic limbs, paresis and flaccid paralysis and lateral recumbence. Out of 267 buffaloes 61 died. Necropsy of three animals that died 24-72 hours after onset of clinical signs, revealed congestion and serosal hemorrhages scattered along the bowel, emphysema and edema of the lungs. No significant histopathological changes were found. Residues of chlorpyriphos were detected in liver, kidneys and nervous system of the one necropsied buffalo. Despite the absence of histological lesions in the central and peripheral nervous system, the epidemiological, clinical, gross and toxicological findings suggest delayed neurotoxicity induced by organophosphates.

Optimización de un método para la detección de carbamatos y organofosforados en vegetales / Optimization of a method for the detection of organophosphates and carbamates in vegetables

Debido al alto grado de contaminación por plaguicidas de productos agrícolas y al alto costo que implica su detección se consideró importante optimizar el método de escrutinio de inhibición de colinesterasas humanas en presencia de extractos vegetales. Se demostró que las suspensiones de glóbulos rojos y plasma son estables al menos por tres meses si se mantienen entre 4 y 8 °C. El reactivo de color es estable por al menos dos años y medio en refrigeración y los sustratos de ambas colinesterasas son estables congelados al menos por dos años. La mezcla del extracto vegetal y los glóbulos rojos o plasma debe incubarse 90 minutos a 37 °C para determinar los porcentajes de inhibición enzimática. Se determinó que los porcentajes de inhibición superiores a 16% en la plasmática y a 21% en la eritrocítica indican presencia de plaguicida en los vegetales. Este método de screening optimizado para detectar la presencia de carbamatos y organofosforados tiene ventaja sobre otros por su bajo costo, facilidad y rapidez de análisis sin requerir de equipo costoso y poco versátil. Esta metodología no cuantifica ni identifica el plaguicida presente pero permite diferenciar entre organofosforados y carbamatos si el periodo de incubación del vegetal con eritrocitos o plasma se prolonga por 24 horas a 20-25 °C.

Optimization of the screening method of inhibition of human cholinesterases is considered important because of the high contamination rate of agricultural products with pesticides and its high detection cost. It has been demonstrated that erythrocytes and plasma are stable at least for three months at 4-8 °C. The colour reaction reagent is stable for at least two and a half years at 4-8 °C and the substrate for both cholinesterases is stable when frozen, at least for two years. The solution of vegetable extract and erythrocytes or plasma must be incubated 90 minutes at 37 °C in order to determine the percentages of enzymatic inhibition. It was established that inhibition percentages higher than 16% for the plasmatic solution, and 21% for the erythrocytic solution mean that pesticide is present in vegetables. The advantages of this optimized screening method for the detection of carbamates and organophosphates in vegetables are its low cost and its easy and quick analysis without the need of expensive equipment. This method does not quantify or identify the pesticide, but rather it differentiates organophosphates from carbamates if the incubation time of the vegetable extract with erythrocytes or plasma is maintained at 20- 25 °C for 24 hours.

Intoxicação por organofosforados: aspectos farmacológicos, clínicos e terapêuticos / Poisoning for organofosforados: farmacológicos, clinical and therapeutical aspects

O uso abusivo e indiscriminado dos agratóxicos representa um grave problema de saúde pública. São responsáveis por um grande número de intoxicações ocupacionais ou acidentais, destacando-se entre eles os organofosforados. Tais substâncias agem inibindo a enzima acetilcolinesterase, levando a um aumento da acetilcolina nas fendas sinápticas e consequentemente o surgimento de quadros clínicos agudos e crônicos, que muitas vezes comprometem a saúde das pessoas de forma irreversível. Dessa forma será feita uma revisão do mecanismo de ação dos organofosforados, dos quadros clínicos das intoxicações por tais substâncias e das medidas terapêuticas a serem seguidas diante de tais situações. Com isso, objetivamos gerar esclarecimentos e conhecimento para uma atuação mais rápida e efetiva dos profissionais de saúde envolvidos com pacientes vítimas dessas intoxicações.

Adverse effects of phosmet on male fertility in rats

Assessments of the reproductive toxicity of organophosphorus insecticides are important public health issues. The adverse reproductive effects of one of the commonly used organophosphorus members, namely; phosmet on male rats were investigated. The tested insecticide was given orally to male rats at five dosage levels [phosmet, 0.81, 1.62, 3.25, 6.5 and 13 mg kg[-1] b.wt] for 60 consecutive days. Plasma testosterone levels, sex organs weights, semen quality as well as histopathological finding of testis were the criteria used to evaluate the reproductive efficiency of the treated rats, A dose dependant decrease was observed in the weights of the most genital organs, sperm cell concentrations and sperm motility associated with a significant increase in the percentage of dead morphologically abnormal spermatozoa of treated rats. Plasma testosterone level was declined significantly in phosmet treated groups at 3.25, 6.5 and 13 mg kg[-1] b.wt. Sperm cell concentrations was severely affected by' phosmet at high dose level [3.25, 6.5 and 13 mg kg[-1] b.wt]. Histopathological examination of the testes revealed a mild, moderate and severe histopathological changes in rats treated with phosmet and severity was dose dependent. It is concluded that, phosmet induced adverse effects on male rats fertility by impairing both testicular function and structure

The cytotoxicity of five organo-phosphorus pesticides at certain biological and biochemical aspects using Chinese hamster ovary cell line CHO-K1

The Cytotoxicity of five organophosphorus pesticides, chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos, monorotophos, fenthion and methidathion was evaluated using COO-K1 cultures. At biological level, the evaluation was followed by the neutral red incorporation [NRI] assay to estimate the midpoint cytotoxicity values [NRI[50]] after 24, 48 and 72 h. At biochemical level, the effect of the estimated NRI[20] values of each substance on the cellular glutathione redox cycle was also studied after 24 Ii of exposure period. The cytotoxicity of the tested pesticides was affected by the period of exposure rather than the protein content in the culture medium. Also, the activity of glutathioge S-transferase was significantly inhihited while glutathione peroxidase was significantly increased. Fenthion and methidathion caused a significant depletion of cellular glutathione. The results demonstrate that the NIH assay in association with the measurement of the glutathione redox cycle using CHO-K1 cells is useful for the prediction of the acute toxicity of pesticides to mammals

Biochemical and genotoxic effects of prothiofos in rats

Organophosphate pesticides continue to pose a risk to animal and human health. By using stomach tube, orally three dose levels of the organophosphate insecticide prothiofos were used for 28 days. Other groups of rats were exposed to the same three dose level for 28 days and then recovery from pesticide for 14 days [i.e. withdrawal time of 14 days]. These three dose levels include high dose level [1/20 of LD[50]], the medium level [1/40 of LD[50]] and the low level [1/60 of 11]50]. Blood samples for studying the biochemical changes were taken from rat eye cansus at 7, 14 and 28 days. At the end of experimental course, the animals were sacrificed for studying the pathological and cytogenetic changes after the exposure and recovery from pesticide. Results revealed significant elevation in serum AST and ALT activities at the different intervals and doses. This elevation was marked at using the dose levels of 1/20 and 1/40 of LD[50]. Activity of Ach E was inhibited with different doses and intervals. Significant reduction in albumin level was noticed with the dose level of 1/20 and 1/40 of LD[50] but slight reduction was observed with dose level 1/60 of LD[50]. Significant elevation in creatinine level was achieved at dose levels of 1/20 and 1/40 of LU50] but slight elevation was observed with dose level of 1/60 of LD[50]. Hepatic tissues of rats exposed to high and medium dose levels showed different degenerative and fatty changes. Also, kidneys of treated groups showed sever congestion in the stronial blood vessels with perivascular oedenia. Bone marrow cells of treated rats revealed that, prothiofos induced highly significant increase in the number of chromosomal aberration at the three dose levels. The most frequent aberrations were chromatid gap followed by break, deletion and ring. A centric fragment and fragment were the lowest types of aberrant cell scored. Numerical aberration which showed as polyploidy was scored in all dose levels of treatment. Recovery leads to improvement of the physiological condition of the exposed rats. The adverse effects of pesticide exposure were subsiding with the medium and low doses levels. Also, recovery did not achieve improvement of genotoxic effect at the all doses levels

Estudo da ototoxicidade em trabalhadores expostos a organofosforados / Ototoxicity study in workers exposed to organophosphate

A exposição ocupacional e ambiental aos agrotóxicos evidencia-se como um grave problema de Saúde Pública em nosso país. Entre os sintomas apresentados, a tonteira se destaca, em decorrência de uma provável ação tóxica. OBJETIVO: O objetivo do estudo é caracterizar os resultados do exame vestibular de trabalhadores rurais expostos ocupacionalmente e ambientalmente aos agrotóxicos organofosforados. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foi realizado um estudo de coorte com corte transversal em 18 trabalhadores rurais de Teresópolis, RJ. A faixa etária variou de 16 a 59 anos com uma média de 39,6 anos, sendo 5 trabalhadores do sexo masculino e 13 do sexo feminino. Foram utilizados três questionários com perguntas relacionadas à saúde geral e auditiva e perguntas específicas à tonteira e suas relações com o trabalho. Todos os trabalhadores passaram por uma avaliação clínica e realizaram os exames vectoeletronistagmografia e audiometria. RESULTADOS: Os resultados mostraram que 16 trabalhadores apresentaram alterações do equilíbrio corporal de tipo periférico irritativo e 7 trabalhadores apresentaram perdas auditivas do tipo neurossensorial, sugerindo que os agrotóxicos induzem alterações do sistema vestibular através de uma intoxicação lenta e silenciosa. CONCLUSÕES: O olhar clínico sobre esta população exposta a substâncias neuro-ototóxicas requer uma abordagem interdisciplinar, assegurando uma intervenção terapêutica e preventiva eficaz.

Occupational and environmental exposure to agricultural pesticides represent an important health care problem in our country. Among the symptoms presented, dizziness stands out, because of a probable toxic action. AIM: The goal of our study was to characterize vestibular test results from rural workers occupationally and environmentally exposed to organophosphates used in agricultural pesticides. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We carried out a cohort cross-sectional study with 18 rural workers from Teresópolis, RJ. Age ranged between 16 and 59 years, with a mean value of 39.6 years, 5 were males and 13 females. We used three questionnaires with questions associated with general and auditory health, and more specific questions about dizziness and its association with work. All workers underwent clinical evaluation, audiometry and vectoelectronystagmography. RESULTS: results showed that 16 workers had irritative peripheral body balance disorder and 7 workers had sensorineural hearing loss, thus suggesting that agricultural pesticides cause vestibular alterations through a slow and silent intoxication. CONCLUSIONS: medical care for this population exposed to neurotoxic substances require an interdisciplinary approach, to guarantee efficient preventive and therapeutic measures.